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Nutrition Research
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Inflammatory and Degenerative Bone/Joint Disease RA/OA
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"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) affect millions of people worldwide. Rheumatoid arthritis afflicts peripheral joints in a symmetric distribution and osteoarthritis occurs mainly in weight bearing joints. The bone and cartilage loss taking place in these disease processes is induced by... [Inflammatory mediators from Omega-6 fats] (2)"
These inflammatory mediators from the Omega-6 fats also modulate the immune response, influence cell proliferation [replication of cells], and stimulate collagenase [enzymes that destroys collagen] and protease [enzymes that destroy protein] secretion (2)."
"Dietary intervention with Omega-3 fatty acids demonstrates consistent positive effects on inflammatory joint diseases (2)."
"Anti-inflammatory supplements, including Omega-3 fatty acids, are associated with decreased [development] of Rheumatoid Arthritis (with subsequent secondary osteoporosis), reduced inflammatory diseases, and lowered cancer risk (2)."
(2) Watkins, B. et al. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Skeletal Health. Experimental Biology & Medicine Vol. 226(6):485-497, 2001.
"Several studies evaluating Omega-3 dietary supplements ranging from 3 to 6 grams per day showed a modest, but rather consistent beneficial effect of these fatty acids in joint disease (1-10)."
1. Belch JJ, et, al. Effects of altering dietary essential fatty acids on requirements for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A double blind placebo controlled study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 47:96-104, 1988.
2. Cathcart ES, Gonnerman WA. Fish oil fatty acids and experimental arthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 17:235 -242, 1991.
3. Kremer JM. Clinical studies of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients who have rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 17:391-402, 1991.
4. Magaro M, et, al. Influence of diet with different lipid composition on neutrophil chemiluminescence and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 47:793-796, 1988.
5. Cleland LG, French JK, Betts WH, Murphy GA, Elliott MJ. Clinical and biochemical effects of dietary fish oil supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 15:1471-1475, 1988.
6. Van der Tempel H, et, al. Effects of fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 49:76-80, 1990.
7. Skoldstam L, et, al. Effect of six months of fish oil supplementation in stable rheumatoid arthritis: A double-blind, controlled study. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 21:178-185, 1992.
8. Nielsen GL, et, al. The effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized, double blind trial. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 22:687-691, 1992.
9. Sperling RI, et, al. Effects of dietary supplementation with marine fish oil on leukocyte lipid mediator generation and function in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 30:988-997, 1987.
10. Shapiro JA, et, al. Diet and rheumatoid arthritis in women: A possible protective effect of fish consumption. Epidemiology 7:256-263, 1996.
Supplementing with Omega-3 (EPA and DHA), decreased the production of [inflammatory mediators].
Endres S, et, al. The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. New England Journal of Medicine 320:265-271, 1989.
"Clinical trials indicate that some patients with RA are able to discontinue nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSAID use while receiving a source of Omega-3 fatty acids."
Kremer JM. Effects of modulation of inflammatory and immune parameters in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory disease receiving dietary supplementation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Lipids 31:S243-S247, 1996.
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