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Nutrition Research
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Pregnancy and Child Development
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Neuringer M, et al. Dietary omega- 3 fatty acid deficiency and visual loss in infant rhesus monkeys. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1984; 73:272-6.
"Omega-3 fatty acid deficient diets fed to pregnant animals and then continued after birth induces profound functional changes such as: Reduced vision... [excessive thirst], pacing, and, perhaps, disturbances of cognition."
*Some of these findings have been replicated in infants fed formulas deficient in Omega-3 fatty acids.
Farquharson J, et al. Infant cerebral cortex phospholipid fatty acid composition and diet. Lancet 1992; 340:810-13.
Makrides M, et al. Fatty acid composition of brain, retina, and erythrocytes in breast- and formula-fed infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;60: 189-94.
Formula-fed infants have lower concentrations of brain DHA [Omega-3] than infants fed human milk.
Lucas A, et al. Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet 1992; 339:261-4.
Formula-fed infants have lower intelligence quotients when compared to breast-fed infants.
Neuringer M, et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and visual loss in infant rhesus monkeys. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1984;73:272-6.
"Several studies in monkeys have indicated that when the maternal diet is deficient in Omega-3 fatty acids, the infant at birth is likewise deficient."
Connor WE, et al. Increased docosahexaenoic acid levels in human newborn infants by the administration of sardines and fish oils during pregnancy. Lipids 1996; 31 (suppl): S183-7.
In humans, it was shown that the administration of fish oil or sardines to pregnant women led to higher DHA [Omega-3] concentrations in both maternal plasma [blood] and red blood cells and in cord blood plasma and red blood cells at the time of birth.
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